Scientists have long known that genes are the software of life, determining what a creature will look like and where the parts go."Genes tell the body where the head goes and where the tail goes, what goes on the front and what goes on the back," explains C. Ronald Kahn of the Harvard Medical School and president of the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston.No news there. But without looking at you, Kahn can examine a sample of your genes and tell you if you're shaped like an hourglass or a pear and whether you have huge hips or a beer belly."By looking at your genes, we can tell how fat you are and how your body fat will be distributed," Kahn said yesterday."<h2>Fat genes</h2>Some experts have called obesity an epidemic. The condition has been linked to genetics, but many researchers say poor diet and lack of exercise have played a role in the increase of obesity. Some even suspect it could be contagious. But anyone who thinks logically about it can imagine that we might inherit the tendency, just like blue eyes or big noses.Figuring it all out is of great importance, because obese people are at greater risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and more. Specifically, those shaped like apples—with their fat concentrated in the abdomen—are at much higher risk for diabetes.Kahn's team examined the genes in fat around internal organs and under the skin of nearly 200 people thin and fat and in between, as well as in some mice.Three genes—named Tbx15, Gpc4, and HoxA5—express themselves so distinctly that the differences can be used to predict a person's body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio."This finding suggests that the expression of these genes could be related to the pathogenesis [production and development] of obesity," said Joslin researcher Stephane Gesta.The results are published in the latest issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.<h2>Now what?</h2>The study raises huge questions: Does body shape predict obesity, or is it a result of obesity?"While we don't know yet whether this genetic activity is a cause or an effect of obesity," Gesta said, "these data do suggest that different forms of obesity could be a developmental problem that begins very early in life."And an even bigger one: Can you alter the potentially deadly fate your body shape might suggest is in store?"Now that's the big question," Kahn said.&nbsp;"While we now can predict the fat pattern, we have no magic bullet to alter the outcome. But with these new findings, we have identified potential targets for perhaps one day changing body shape. We don't have drugs to alter the pattern now, but perhaps in the future we will."Source: https://www.livescience.com/4050-genes-predict-body-shape-fatness.html

Figuring it all out is of great importance, because obese people are at greater risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and more. Specifically, those shaped like apples—with their fat concentrated in the abdomen—are at much higher risk for diabetes.

Genes Predict Body Shape and Fatness

Most of the risk for autism comes from genes. Mutations in more than 100 genes are known to lead to the condition. Nonetheless, a genetic test cannot diagnose or detect autism. That’s because it is the combination of myriad genes along with environmental factors that may underlie the condition.For example, only about one in four people missing a stretch of chromosome 16 called 16p11.2 has autism. This and other mutations are also associated with other conditions, such as epilepsy or intellectual disability.<h2 class="ql-align-justify">Autism is primarily a genetic condition</h2>Still, if a test reveals a harmful mutation with known ties to autism, the result could give the autistic person and her family an explanation for the condition. Some families also find emotional and practical support from others dealing with the same mutation.There are no drugs tailored to particular autism mutations. But the mutations are often linked to other health problems, such as epilepsy, kidney problems or obesity, so having the information could help prevent or treat those problems.There are four main types of tests for this risk-finding. The oldest is karyotyping, the inspection of chromosomes under a microscope. The second type is chromosomal microarray analysis, which identifies duplications or deletions of DNA too small to show up on a karyotype. The third way is sequencing or scanning for mutations across single genes. The forth is to sequence all of a person’s protein-coding DNA, or the exome.Clinicians may sequence the exomes of both parents and the child to find mutations present in only the child. These spontaneous mutations are more likely to contribute to autism than are inherited ones.Sequencing the entire genome is the most thorough method. It reveals mutations in any part of a person’s genome, not just the 1 percent that includes genes. However, it is still only a research tool; but as its price falls and becomes more widely available, it could replace the other tests.Reference: https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/genetic-testing-autism-explained/

Some families also find emotional and practical support from others dealing with the same mutation.

Genetic testing for autism, explained

Autism is primarily a genetic condition

Genes Predict Body Shape and Fatness

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