Rare Disease

Riboflavin transporter deficiency is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by paralysis of the cranial nerves, sensorineural deafness, and signs of damage to other nerves. Symptoms may begin from infancy to early adulthood and worsen over time. When the condition begins in infancy, the first symptom often is breathing problems, which can be life-threatening. When it begins in childhood or early adulthood, sensorineural deafness is usually the first symptom. Other signs and symptoms may include vocal cord paralysis, droopy eyelids, facial weakness, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, visual problems, autonomic dysfunction, breathing difficulties, and weakness of the neck, shoulder, and limbs.Riboflavin transporter deficiency may be caused by mutations in the SLC52A2 or SLC52A3 genes. Inheritance is autosomal recessive. Treatment with riboflavin therapy has been used since 2010 and appears to be effective and possibly life-saving. Without treatment, affected infants typically survive less than one year.Treatment with riboflavin therapy (high-dose supplementation of riboflavin) has been used since 2010 and appears to be effective and possibly life-saving. Therefore, treatment should begin as soon as a riboflavin transporter deficiency is suspected, and should continue unless the diagnosis is ruled out with genetic testing. Improvement of symptoms may occur within days to months after starting treatment, and starting treatment early appears to be associated with better and more rapid improvement.Reference: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9993/riboflavin-transporter-deficiency

Riboflavin transporter deficiency is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by paralysis of the cranial nerves, sensorineural deafness, and signs of damage to other nerves. Symptoms may begin from infancy to early adulthood and worsen over time.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) transporter deficiency

Riboflavin transporter deficiency

Scurvy, now regarded as a nutritional disorder due to the lack of the trace food constituent, vitamin C, is shown to be the end result of a typical genetic disease. This genetic disease syndrome has been named Hypoascorbemia.&nbsp;Its primary cause is the hereditary lack of — or defect in — the gene controlling the synthesis of the enzyme, L-gulonolactone oxidase. This is a mammalian liver enzyme, the last one in the series for converting glucose into ascorbic acid. Man is one of the few mammals that lacks this enzyme and hence is unable to sythesize his own ascorbic acid.&nbsp;The gene defect occurred during the course of evolution by a conditional lethal mutation. The replacement of the present vitamin C theory regarding the etiology of scurvy by this genetic concept gives important new viewpoints to the quantitative aspects of ascorbic acid in human physiology and also provides new rationales for the use of high levels of ascorbic acid in normal physiology and in the therapy of clinical entities other than scurvy.Reference: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/amg-acta-geneticae-medicae-et-gemellologiae-twin-research/article/on-the-genetic-etiology-of-scurvy/124A339425405DB5112FFF3101934CE9

Scurvy, now regarded as a nutritional disorder due to the lack of the trace food constituent, vitamin C, is shown to be the end result of a typical genetic disease. This genetic disease syndrome has been named Hypoascorbemia.

On the Genetic Etiology of Scurvy

Hereditary folate malabsorption is a disorder that interferes with the body's ability to absorb certain B vitamins (called folates) from food. Folates are important for many cell functions, including the production of DNA and its chemical cousin, RNA.Infants with hereditary folate malabsorption are born with normal amounts of folates in their body because they obtain these vitamins from their mother's blood before birth. They generally begin to show signs and symptoms of the disorder within the first few months of life because their ability to absorb folates from food is impaired.Infants with hereditary folate malabsorption experience feeding difficulties, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive). Affected individuals usually develop a blood disorder called megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia occurs when a person has a low number of red blood cells (anemia), and the remaining red blood cells are larger than normal (megaloblastic). The symptoms of this blood disorder may include decreased appetite, lack of energy, headaches, pale skin, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet. People with hereditary folate malabsorption may also have a deficiency of white blood cells (leukopenia), leading to increased susceptibility to infections. In addition, they may have a reduction in the amount of platelets (thrombocytopenia), which can result in easy bruising and abnormal bleeding.Some infants with hereditary folate malabsorption exhibit neurological problems such as developmental delay and seizures. Over time, untreated individuals may develop intellectual disability and difficulty coordinating movements (ataxia).The SLC46A1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). PCFT is important for normal functioning of intestinal epithelial cells, which are cells that line the walls of the intestine. These cells have fingerlike projections called microvilli that absorb nutrients from food as it passes through the intestine. Based on their appearance, groups of these microvilli are known collectively as the brush border. PCFT is involved in the process of using energy to move folates across the brush border membrane, a mechanism called active transport. It is also involved in the transport of folates between the brain and the fluid that surrounds it (cerebrospinal fluid).Mutations in the SLC46A1 gene result in a PCFT protein that has little or no activity. In some cases the mutated protein is not transported to the cell membrane, and so it is unable to perform its function. A lack of functional PCFT impairs the body's ability to absorb folates from food, resulting in the signs and symptoms of hereditary folate malabsorption.Full research here: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-folate-malabsorption#genes

Infants with hereditary folate malabsorption are born with normal amounts of folates in their body because they obtain these vitamins from their mother's blood before birth. They generally begin to show signs and symptoms of the disorder within the first few months of life because their ability to absorb folates from food is impaired.

Rare Disease

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